Archive for the ‘Stories’ Category

12 Jan
2012

Mayfield

Old Main, Central Virginia In 1848 slaves in Virginia could be admitted to private asylums if their owners paid for

29 Dec
2011

Marshalsea

Administration Building, Pittsburgh City Home and Hospital In 1804, the first poor house for Pittsburgh was built and grew to

28 Dec
2011

Talcott

This is a revision from an older post. To view the post, click here. This New York State Homeopathic hospital

21 Oct
2011

Archaeology

In the early fifteenth century, Flavio Biondo created a guide to the ruins and topography of ancient Rome, for which

11 Oct
2011

Roadtrip Part I

I met up with my friends on Easter weekend at a former state hospital for the chronically insane in central

1 Sep
2011

Sanatorium

This Sanatorium was constructed in central Pennsylvania for the treatment of tuberculosis. The facility originated in 1901 with a series

16 Aug
2011

The Blockley Smell

The paragraph entitled, “The Blockley Smell” from Founders’ Week Memorial Volume, containing an Account of the Two Hundred and Twenty-fifth

16 Jul
2011

Fourth of July

I spent the Fourth of July weekend with my friends tasting wine, camping and exploring the Finger Lakes. If you

15 Jun
2011

Finding Byberry

I’m about seventeen years old, in the summer of 2003 between my junior and senior year of High School. It

9 May
2011

Five-Day Roadtrip

Day 1 I’m bent down on one knee, pulling a white string out of the pocket of my backpack and

21 Mar
2011

Salmon

Alternate hosting site This two-building hospital, designed by Cudworth and Woodworth, opened its doors in the fall of 1904. By

9 Mar
2011

Withers

Designed by Frederick Clarke Withers with respect to Thomas Kirkbride’s plan, this 509,853 sq. ft. High Victorian Gothic-style hospital was

28 Feb
2011

Your Guide to Early Welfare

BAD CARE 1. 1732 – 1767: The “Green Meadow” Almshouse on 4th and Pine streets. 2. 1767 – 1835: The

27 Feb
2011

Codey

It was fifty-two degrees and sunny in New Jersey today. The tunnels were freezing and my chucks were sopping wet;

23 Feb
2011

An Early Utopian Dream

Resting a moment while contemplating life, truth and colour in the depths of his dark room, Louis Daguerre cries out,

14 Feb
2011

Weekend of February 11th 2011

Walking on a foot of frozen snow over the hill-side, we slipped and grabbed onto branches with our gloved hands

11 Feb
2011

Fuller

Climbing up an embankment, we trail the chain-linked fence through the woods past the shell of a red-bricked house –

4 Feb
2011

The Dock

It’s a hot summer night and I’m in the back of a Volkswagen bus in New York near Lake Ontario;

11 Jan
2011

Scofield

After eight hours in the car, we spend the afternoon in our hotel room as the drapes are drawn to

6 Jan
2011

Romanticism

Mentally ill and committed, a patient in a starched gown stands idle with limp hands and matte hair; a black,

Unlocking a Door

Click to listen: Unlocking a Door in a fallout shelter

Steam Gauge

Click to listen: Steam Guage

Electricity

Click to listen: Electricity


What is an Asylum?


An Asylum is a State Hospital that housed and cared for the insane wherein Physicians and attendants utilized humane treatments in hopes of curing the patient’s mental illness. These impressive institutions were built rurally with ample space for gardening, farming, outdoor recreation and various forms of occupational therapy.


Originally, the mentally ill were jailed or confined until the rise of moral treatment. The earliest forms of moral treatment were compassion, comfort, good hygiene, good air, good food, exercise, work and innocent recreation as well as lessening the use of physical restraints and allowing patients to have freedom within the hospital and its grounds.


There are two prominent types of asylum design:


1. The Kirkbride plan, which emerged from and symbolizes moral treatment.


2. The Cottage plan, which emerged as an alternative.


The Kirkbride Plan


Originating in 1847 at Trenton, New Jersey, the Kirkbride plan consists of an impressive four-to-five-story Administration building in the center of the plan with two-to-three-story buildings aka: wings, staggered on both sides of the center.


The wing furthest from Administration housed the violent patients unlike the wing closest to Administration which housed the manageable type.


Male and female patients were separated between the left and right. The chapel, kitchen, laundry, library, auditorium and boilers were centralized behind Administration.


Employees were located on the first and second floors of Administration filling roles of Steward, Matron, Assistant Physician, Apothecary, Supervisor, Teacher, Chaplain, Treasurer, Attendant, and Superintendent who served as Physician and Chief Executive Officer.


The upper floors were living quarters for the Superintendent and his family. Often, water tanks were located within the cupolas upon the roof or within a centralized dome atop Administration to provide the asylum with water pressure.


This plan was fully developed in 1854 by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride, M.D., in his book entitled, On the Construction, Organization and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane. The hospital was designed to utilize the natural light of the sun and create an airiness in the ward with the use of large windows, tall ceilings and wide hallways – no room was dark or stagnant.


His aim was to create an institutional environment that was awe-inspiring and comfortable, to accommodate a variety of social and mental classes and provide treatment for them, and to confine the patients without giving the hospital a prison-like appearance.


Statistics: There were roughly 80 Kirkbrides in the United States. Some notable Kirkbrides are Danvers State Hospital, a location used in the horror/mystery movie Session 9; Buffalo State Hospital, which is currently under renovation and Weston State Hospital, which is a preserved historic attraction offering tours to the public.


The Cottage Plan


The Cottage plan consists of individual buildings that are one-to-two-stories containing a specific class and sex of patient based on their diagnosis. This plan was ideal for State Schools because many of the patients were physically disabled, which made moving-about difficult.


The campus was designed to resemble a small village with each building connected to an internal tunnel system for the transportation of patients, staff, and piping. Each village had its own power station, laundry facility, dining hall, kitchen, library, storeroom, and Administration building as the centerpiece of the campus.


The Administration building is typically adorned with a large cupola on the roof for ventilation and decoration – some kept track of time and chimed on the hour.


Statistics: There were roughly 250 cottage plan institutions in the United States. One notable cottage plan is Pennhurst State School and Hospital, a center for mentally and physically disabled, which was the centerpiece of the Halderman v. Pennhurst and a 1968 report anchored by local news correspondent Bill Baldini entitled, Suffer the Little Children.


To learn more, please e-mail me at sarahmcc@photadyta.com.


Dorothea Lynde Dix


Dorothea Dix lobbied for change: the State was to change the way it cared for the insane. After traveling the country documenting the conditions of prisons, asylums and alms-houses, she sent a report to each state detailing the maltreatment she observed.


"Insanity sensibly treated is as certainly curable as a cold or fever. Recovery is the rule; permanent disease is the exception."


Her national bill, which took six years to pass both houses of Congress in 1854, asked for twenty-thousand square miles of land to be sold for the care of the insane, but deemed unconstitutional in the hands of President Franklin Pierce, who vetoed it.


In 1848, Dorothea's bill for the establishment of the New Jersey Lunatic Asylum passed unanimously and her "first-born child", the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, opened as the first public mental hospital in New Jersey designed under the Kirkbride plan by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride, Superintendent of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital and dear friend and long-time supporter of Miss Dix.


Within the same year, the establishment of the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital for the Insane was also successful: her "second-born child".


Dorothea made many visits to the Harrisburg Asylum, eventually residing in the Trenton Asylum as a patient until her death, but the "children" continued to be born.


Aged, broken and full of suffering, it appears she did not want to die, for she knew the fight was not over, "I think even lying on my bed, I can still do something," (Francis 372) spoken two months before her death in response to a friend wishing her many more years to come. On July 17, 1887 Dorothea passed away in her tower apartment at the Trenton Asylum, in the declining hours of sunlight.


There below her stretched the park-like expanse of the grounds of the asylum, and there, sitting under the trees or wandering along the paths in the fullest enjoyment of liberty possible to their sad condition, were the poor children of affliction, whose former miseries in chains and cages had first started in her the vow of consecration never to the end to be broken (Francis 373).


Tiffany, Francis. Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix, Cambridge: The River Side Press, 1891.